Image credits - Missile Threat - CSIS
What Is a Cruise Missile?
A cruise missile is a specialized type of guided missile designed for strategic purposes. Its origins can be traced back to the German V-1 missile employed during World War II, which served as an early model for subsequent developments by the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. This missile is distinguished by its capacity to transport both nuclear and conventional warheads. Notably, it is crafted with features such as an extremely low radar cross section and the ability to fly at low altitudes, closely following the terrain at a moderate speed on its trajectory towards the target.
The No.1 Cruise Missile
In the modern landscape of warfare, the cruise missile stands out as a pinnacle of precision and technological prowess. Among these advanced weapons, the BrahMos has emerged as a remarkable example, showcasing unprecedented performance and sophistication. Developed through a collaborative effort between Russia and India, it currently holds the prestigious title of the world’s fastest operational cruise missile.
Named after the Brahmaputra River in India and the Moskva River in Russia, the BrahMos exemplifies the successful partnership between these two nations. Its exceptional versatility is highlighted by its capability to be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft, or land platforms. Boasting a remarkable top speed ranging from Mach 2.8 to 3, the BrahMos can deliver a conventional warhead weighing up to 300 kilograms with pinpoint accuracy to a target situated 290 kilometres away.
The missile’s extraordinary velocity serves to minimize the time it takes to reach its target, making interception more challenging and enabling it to penetrate enemy defences with remarkable ease. Further contributing to its effectiveness are stealth technologies and the ability to execute evasive manoeuvres en route to its destination. For India, the BrahMos has become a crucial strategic asset, significantly reinforcing its defence capabilities on the global stage.
Overview
BRAHMOS, a two-stage missile, initially utilizes a solid propellant booster for supersonic acceleration, followed by a liquid ramjet for cruising at speeds near Mach 3. It incorporates stealth technology, advanced guidance, and embedded software for unique capabilities.
With a range of up to 290km and sustained supersonic speed, BRAHMOS boasts shorter flight times, minimizing target dispersion and offering swift engagement, making it challenging for interception by any known weapon system.
Operating on the ‘Fire and Forget Principle,’ it dynamically manoeuvres towards its target, leveraging its substantial kinetic energy for enhanced destructive power. Cruising at altitudes up to 15 km and descending to terminal altitudes as low as 10 meters, it carries a 200 to 300 kg conventional warhead.
Compared to contemporary subsonic cruise missiles, BRAHMOS stands out with:
- 3 times greater velocity
- 5 to 3 times extended flight range
- 3 to 4 times increased seeker range
- 9 times higher kinetic energy
Adaptable to land, sea, and sub-sea platforms, BRAHMOS utilizes a Transport Launch Canister (TLC) for easy transportation, storage, and launch.
Distinctive Attributes
Universal Compatibility: Designed to operate seamlessly across multiple platforms.
“Fire and Forget” Operation: Requires minimal user guidance after launch.
High Supersonic Speed: Maintains rapid velocity throughout the entire flight.
Versatile Flight Trajectories: Offers a variety of paths for extended range.
Low Radar Signature: Minimizes detection by radar systems.
Quick Engagement: Shorter flight times result in faster target engagement.
Pinpoint Accuracy: Precision targeting with significant kinetic energy upon impact.
Ship-Based Weapon Complex System
In its naval setup, the BRAHMOS missile is designed for flexible launches, either vertically or inclined, from maritime platforms, be they moving or stationary, covering extended distances against both sea and land targets.
Deployed as the primary strike weapon on the forefront surface combat platforms of the Indian Navy, including Destroyers and Frigates, BRAHMOS has proven its exceptional speed, precise accuracy, and formidable firepower through successful sea-to-sea and sea-to-land launches.
Notably, the missile exhibits salvo launch capability, demonstrated during tests on the guided missile frigate, INS Trikand. In this mode, the weapon can be launched at intervals of 2-2.5 seconds, following various trajectories. A salvo of eight BRAHMOS missiles can effectively penetrate and destroy a group of targets equipped with modern anti-missile defences.
Furthermore, BRAHMOS has undergone testing in a vertical configuration from a moving warship, affirming its ability to launch vertically from dynamic platforms. The Universal Vertical Launcher Module (UVLM), developed by BrahMos UVLM, stands out as a superior next-generation system, slated for future ship installations in vertical configurations for BRAHMOS. The missile can be launched singly or in a salvo from a ship, targeting various types of targets within 2-2.5 seconds and diverse trajectories.
Since its deployment in 2005, BRAHMOS has granted the Indian Navy unprecedented reach and adaptability, enabling agile and efficient execution of both littoral and high-sea missions.
The guided-missile destroyer INS Rajput, decommissioned in 2021, was the pioneering Indian Navy vessel to be equipped with the formidable BRAHMOS missile. Subsequently, this precision-attack missile has been integrated into numerous leading warships of the Indian Navy. Several future naval platforms of India are also slated to be equipped with the powerful Brahmos
The BRAHMOS missile system incorporates a sophisticated Fire Control System, Launcher, and seamless connectivity with the ship’s navigation and sensors. Notably, it possesses Salvo launch capability, enabling the firing of multiple missiles in different trajectories to target either a single or a group of objectives.
For guidance, the missile relies on an inertial Navigation System for mid-course and a homing radar seeker for terminal course guidance. To enhance accuracy, GPS/GLONASS can be integrated. The missile’s intelligent characteristics surpass current missile detection capabilities, making it highly elusive.
Air-Based Weapon Complex System
The BRAHMOS air-launched cruise missile, an engineering marvel meticulously crafted by BrahMos Aerospace, represents a pinnacle in precision weaponry for the Sukhoi-30MKI, the frontline air combat platform of the Indian Air Force. Its distinctive capability to deliver precise and powerful strikes against both sea and land targets positions it as the heaviest and most potent armament for the agile Su-30 super-maneuverable strike fighter.
A moment etched in history occurred on November 22, 2017, when the BRAHMOS ALCM achieved a groundbreaking milestone. Launched from the Indian Air Force’s Sukhoi-30MKI, it flawlessly executed a flight test against a sea-based target in the expansive Bay of Bengal. Gravity-dropped from the fuselage, the two-stage missile’s engine ignited, propelling it with unwavering precision towards its designated sea target.
Subsequent test firings in 2019 further showcased the versatility and reliability of the BRAHMOS ALCM. Demonstrating impeccable land attack and anti-ship capabilities from substantial stand-off ranges, irrespective of day or night conditions or challenging weather, the missile solidified its role as a game-changer. This accomplishment bestowed upon the Indian Air Force an unprecedented reach and the capability to execute modern air combat operations decisively and with finesse.
The success of the ambitious BRAHMOS-A program stands as a testament to the collaborative efforts between key agencies from India and Russia. The Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), NPOM, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Sukhoi Design Bureau, Indian Air Force, Scientific Research Institute of Instrumentation (SDI), Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE), Air Hars, and the Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) collectively contributed to this technological marvel. At the forefront, BrahMos Aerospace emerged as the lead agency, steering this collaborative venture towards new horizons in air and maritime defence capabilities.
The milestone of modifying the first Su-30MKI fighter aircraft for the BRAHMOS supersonic cruise missile was achieved during Aero India 2015, where Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) handed it over to BrahMos Aerospace in Bengaluru.
The induction of a squadron of Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets, equipped with the BRAHMOS missile, into Southern India’s ‘Tigersharks’ 222 squadron on January 20, 2020, significantly bolstered India’s air and maritime dominance in the Indian Ocean Region.
Having received Fleet Release Clearance (FRC) Certification from the Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC), the BRAHMOS-equipped Su-30 MKI squadrons are now authorized to employ these missiles in combat missions. The Su-30 MKI boasts a maximum speed of 2 Mach, a single in-flight range of 3,000 km, and a maximum payload capacity of 8,000 kg at an altitude of 17 km. The missile incorporates design refinements such as a lighter propulsion system, redesigned fins, and nose.
Submarine-Based Weapon Complex System
The BRAHMOS missile is designed for submarine launch, capable of deployment from depths of 40-50 meters. It can be vertically installed in a modular launcher within the submarine’s pressure hull, with a configuration identical to ship-based systems.
Launched in a canister vertically, the missile’s nose cap prevents water intake during underwater flight. Sensors trigger the “out of water command” upon emergence, and the fired nose cap directs the missile toward the target.
Integrating BRAHMOS into submarines significantly enhances offensive power without compromising defence, as torpedo tubes remain available. Comprehensive studies and simulation trials for underwater launches have been completed.
On March 20, 2013, the submarine-launched BRAHMOS achieved a historic milestone, being test-fired successfully from a submerged platform in the Bay of Bengal. It vertically took off, covered its full 290 km range, and, following a predefined path, accurately hit the designated target. Telemetry and tracking stations, including Indian naval ships along the flight path, confirmed the mission’s pinpoint accuracy. BRAHMOS is now prepared for submarine fitment with vertical launch capability.
Land-Based Weapon Complex System
The Land-based Weapon Complex consists of four to six Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL) controlled by a Mobile Command Post (MCP) and a Mobile Replenishment Vehicle (MRV). Each MAL is an independent vehicle equipped with its own communication, power supply, and fire control system. The MAL features three BRAHMOS missiles, housed in separate containers, allowing simultaneous firing at three different targets or various combinations. The system includes advanced navigation technologies like the Inertial Navigation System and Global Positioning System.
The Mobile Autonomous Launcher boasts several special features, including its ability to operate autonomously and launch missiles with flexibility. The command and control system is highly advanced and capable of functioning in C41 environments. The system’s modular configuration allows it to adapt to different users or equipment based on threat perception. Notably, it offers easy maintenance, ensuring a longer operational life. The control crew cabin is air-conditioned and equipped with NBC protection for added safety.
The land-attack version of BRAHMOS has been in active service with the Indian Army since 2007. It is deployed in three configurations: Block I, Block II, and Block III, each designed with specific capabilities to address diverse conflict scenarios.
The initial Block-I variant was officially inducted in June 2007, following a series of successful test launches that validated its manoeuvrability, precision striking, and other operational capabilities.
Subsequently, the advanced Block II version, characterized by a supersonic steep dive and enhanced target discrimination capabilities, has been incorporated into the arsenal after successful trial runs.
The Block III variant of the BRAHMOS missile showcased its effectiveness in mountain warfare, demonstrating its capabilities in challenging terrains.